This study reviews thermal energy storage (TES) and Power-to-X (P2X) technologies for applications without thermal grids, assessing their feasibility, state of the art, opportunities, and challenges. . Energy storage is required to reliably and sustainably integrate renewable energy into the energy system. However. . Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 requires CO 2 -neutral industrial process heat, with seasonal energy storage (SES) playing a crucial role in balancing supply and demand. Li-ion batteries are effective for short-term (daily, weekly) balancing due to their falling. .
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