Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently demonstrated a rapid power conversion efficiency of above 25%. In terms of physical properties, SnO 2 is similar to TiO 2 but with stronger charge extraction at the interface. Furthermore, the SnO 2 electron transporting layer (ETL) is prepared using new. . Here we show an excess ligand strategy based on the CBD of tin oxide (SnO2), suppressing the cluster-by-cluster pathway while facilitating the ion-by-ion pathway to create uniform films. Our approach enables rapid synthesis of high-quality SnO2 electron-transport layers with reduced defect. . A key common factor for these recent breakthroughs is the development of SnO2 as an effective electron transport layer in these devices. In this review, we discuss the key advances in SnO2 development, including various deposition approaches and surface treatment strategies, to enhance the bulk and. .
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