To optimize the energy scheduling of integrated photovoltaic-storage-charging stations, improve energy utilization, reduce energy losses, and minimize costs, an optimization scheduling model based on a two-stage model predictive control (MPC) is proposed. . Therefore, the construction of a photovoltaic–energy storage integrated system (PV–ES integrated system) is of considerable significance in alleviating the current pressure associated with industrial electricity consumption [2, 3]. Renewable Sustainable Energy 1 June 2025; 17 (3): 034107. Analysis of the a capacity optimization configuration model of the PV energy storage system. Design the control strategy of the e ergy storage system. . Although energy storage systems (ESS) offer strong regulation capabilities, conventional energy management strategies often lack joint modeling and predictive scheduling mechanisms that incorporate both future PV trends and battery states, limiting their real-time responsiveness and control. . This paper investigates the construction and operation of a residential photovoltaic energy storage system in the context of the current step–peak–valley tariff system.
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